Cyclosporine

Editor: Abdelwahab Ward, PharmD.
This topic was published in Oct 02, 2021.

Pharmacology

  • Drug Action
    • Cyclosporine inhibits production and release of lymphokines, thereby suppressing cell-mediated immune response.

Indications and Dose

  • Severe acute ulcerative colitis refractory to corticosteroid treatment
    • By continuous intravenous infusion
      • For adult: 2 mg/kg, to be given over 24 hours, dose adjusted according to blood-ciclosporin concentration and response.
  • Severe active rheumatoid arthritis (administered on expert advice)
    • For adult: Initially 1.5 mg/kg orally twice daily, increased if necessary up to 2.5 mg/kg twice daily after 6 weeks, dose increases should be made gradually, for maintenance treatment, titrate dose individually to the lowest effective dose according to tolerability, treatment may be required for up to 12 weeks.
  • Severe active rheumatoid arthritis [in combination with low-dose methotrexate, when methotrexate monotherapy has been ineffective] (administered on expert advice)
    • For Adult: Initially 1.25 mg/kg orally twice daily, increased if necessary up to 2.5 mg/kg twice daily after 6 weeks, dose increases should be made gradually, for maintenance treatment, titrate dose individually to the lowest effective dose according to tolerability, treatment may be required for up to 12 weeks.
  • Short-term treatment of severe atopic dermatitis where conventional therapy ineffective or inappropriate (administered on expert advice)
    • For adult: Initially 1.25 mg/kg orally twice daily (max. per dose 2.5 mg/kg twice daily) usual maximum duration of 8 weeks but may be used for longer under specialist supervision, if good initial response not achieved within 2 weeks, increase dose rapidly up to maximum.
  • Short-term treatment of very severe atopic dermatitis where conventional therapy ineffective or inappropriate (administered on expert advice)
    • For Adult: 2.5 mg/kg orally twice daily usual maximum duration of 8 weeks but may be used for longer under specialist supervision.
  • Severe psoriasis where conventional therapy ineffective or inappropriate (administered on expert advice)
    • For Adult: Initially 1.25 mg/kg orally twice daily (max. per dose 2.5 mg/kg twice daily), increased gradually to maximum if no improvement within 1 month, initial dose of 2.5 mg/kg twice daily justified if condition requires rapid improvement; discontinue if inadequate response after 3 months at the optimum dose; max. duration of treatment usually 1 year unless other treatments cannot be used.
  • Organ transplantation (used alone)
  • For adult: 10–15 mg/kg orally, to be administered 4–12 hours before transplantation, followed by 10–15 mg/kg daily for 1–2 weeks postoperatively, then maintenance 2–6 mg/kg daily, reduce dose gradually to maintenance. Dose should be adjusted according to blood-ciclosporin concentration and renal function; dose is lower if given concomitantly with other immunosuppressant therapy (e.g. corticosteroids); if necessary one-third corresponding oral dose can be given by intravenous infusion over 2–6 hours.
  • Bone-marrow transplantation
    • Initially by intravenous infusion
      • For adult: 3–5 mg/kg daily, to be administered over 2–6 hours from day before transplantation to 2 weeks postoperatively, alternatively (by mouth) initially 12.5–15 mg/kg daily, then (by mouth) 12.5 mg/kg daily for 3-6 months and then tailed off (may take up to a year after transplantation).
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • For adult: 5 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses, for maintenance reduce to lowest effective dose according to proteinuria and serum creatinine measurements; discontinue after 3 months if no improvement in glomerulonephritis or glomerulosclerosis (after 6 months in membranous glomerulonephritis).

Unlicensed use

  • With systemic use for use in severe acute ulcerative colitis refractory to corticosteroid treatment.

Contra-indications

  • When used by eye: Active or suspected ocular or peri-ocular infection; Ocular or peri-ocular malignancies or premalignant conditions
  • With systemic use: Malignancy (in non-transplant indications); uncontrolled hypertension (in non-transplant indications); uncontrolled infections (in non-transplant indications)

Cautions

  1. When used by eye: Glaucoma—limited information available; history of ocular herpes—no information available
  2. With systemic use: Elderly—monitor renal function; hyperuricemia; in atopic dermatitis, active herpes simplex infections—allow infection to clear before starting (if they occur during treatment withdraw if severe); in atopic dermatitis, Staphylococcus aureus skin infections—not absolute contra-indication providing controlled (but avoid erythromycin unless no other alternative); in psoriasis treat, patients with malignant or pre-malignant conditions of skin only after appropriate treatment (and if no other option); in uveitis, Behcet's syndrome (monitor neurological status); lymphoproliferative disorders (discontinue treatment); malignancy

Side Effects

  • General side-effects
    1. Common or very common
    2. Eye inflammation
  • Specific side-effects
    • Common or very common
      • When used by eye (topical) ー Eye discomfort; eye disorders; vision blurred
      • With oral/parenteral use ー Appetite decreased, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, gastrointestinal discomfort, hepatic disorders, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, hyperuricaemia, leucopenia, muscle complaints 

References

  1. BNF
  2. Lexicomp.com