Cyclosporine
Editor: Abdelwahab Ward, PharmD.
Pharmacology
- Drug Action
- Cyclosporine inhibits production and release of lymphokines, thereby suppressing cell-mediated immune response.
Indications and Dose
- Severe acute ulcerative colitis refractory to corticosteroid treatment
- By continuous intravenous infusion
- For adult: 2 mg/kg, to be given over 24 hours, dose adjusted according to blood-ciclosporin concentration and response.
- Severe active rheumatoid arthritis (administered on expert advice)
- For adult: Initially 1.5 mg/kg orally twice daily, increased if necessary up to 2.5 mg/kg twice daily after 6 weeks, dose increases should be made gradually, for maintenance treatment, titrate dose individually to the lowest effective dose according to tolerability, treatment may be required for up to 12 weeks.
- Severe active rheumatoid arthritis [in combination with low-dose methotrexate, when methotrexate monotherapy has been ineffective] (administered on expert advice)
- For Adult: Initially 1.25 mg/kg orally twice daily, increased if necessary up to 2.5 mg/kg twice daily after 6 weeks, dose increases should be made gradually, for maintenance treatment, titrate dose individually to the lowest effective dose according to tolerability, treatment may be required for up to 12 weeks.
- Short-term treatment of severe atopic dermatitis where conventional therapy ineffective or inappropriate (administered on expert advice)
- For adult: Initially 1.25 mg/kg orally twice daily (max. per dose 2.5 mg/kg twice daily) usual maximum duration of 8 weeks but may be used for longer under specialist supervision, if good initial response not achieved within 2 weeks, increase dose rapidly up to maximum.
- Short-term treatment of very severe atopic dermatitis where conventional therapy ineffective or inappropriate (administered on expert advice)
- For Adult: 2.5 mg/kg orally twice daily usual maximum duration of 8 weeks but may be used for longer under specialist supervision.
- Severe psoriasis where conventional therapy ineffective or inappropriate (administered on expert advice)
- For Adult: Initially 1.25 mg/kg orally twice daily (max. per dose 2.5 mg/kg twice daily), increased gradually to maximum if no improvement within 1 month, initial dose of 2.5 mg/kg twice daily justified if condition requires rapid improvement; discontinue if inadequate response after 3 months at the optimum dose; max. duration of treatment usually 1 year unless other treatments cannot be used.
- Organ transplantation (used alone)
- For adult: 10–15 mg/kg orally, to be administered 4–12 hours before transplantation, followed by 10–15 mg/kg daily for 1–2 weeks postoperatively, then maintenance 2–6 mg/kg daily, reduce dose gradually to maintenance. Dose should be adjusted according to blood-ciclosporin concentration and renal function; dose is lower if given concomitantly with other immunosuppressant therapy (e.g. corticosteroids); if necessary one-third corresponding oral dose can be given by intravenous infusion over 2–6 hours.
- Bone-marrow transplantation
- Initially by intravenous infusion
- For adult: 3–5 mg/kg daily, to be administered over 2–6 hours from day before transplantation to 2 weeks postoperatively, alternatively (by mouth) initially 12.5–15 mg/kg daily, then (by mouth) 12.5 mg/kg daily for 3-6 months and then tailed off (may take up to a year after transplantation).
- Nephrotic syndrome
- For adult: 5 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses, for maintenance reduce to lowest effective dose according to proteinuria and serum creatinine measurements; discontinue after 3 months if no improvement in glomerulonephritis or glomerulosclerosis (after 6 months in membranous glomerulonephritis).
Unlicensed use
- With systemic use for use in severe acute ulcerative colitis refractory to corticosteroid treatment.
Contra-indications
- When used by eye: Active or suspected ocular or peri-ocular infection; Ocular or peri-ocular malignancies or premalignant conditions
- With systemic use: Malignancy (in non-transplant indications); uncontrolled hypertension (in non-transplant indications); uncontrolled infections (in non-transplant indications)
Cautions
- When used by eye: Glaucoma—limited information available; history of ocular herpes—no information available
- With systemic use: Elderly—monitor renal function; hyperuricemia; in atopic dermatitis, active herpes simplex infections—allow infection to clear before starting (if they occur during treatment withdraw if severe); in atopic dermatitis, Staphylococcus aureus skin infections—not absolute contra-indication providing controlled (but avoid erythromycin unless no other alternative); in psoriasis treat, patients with malignant or pre-malignant conditions of skin only after appropriate treatment (and if no other option); in uveitis, Behcet's syndrome (monitor neurological status); lymphoproliferative disorders (discontinue treatment); malignancy
Side Effects
- General side-effects
- Common or very common
- Eye inflammation
- Specific side-effects
- Common or very common
- When used by eye (topical) ー Eye discomfort; eye disorders; vision blurred
- With oral/parenteral use ー Appetite decreased, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, gastrointestinal discomfort, hepatic disorders, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, hyperuricaemia, leucopenia, muscle complaints
References
- BNF
- Lexicomp.com